Stand Firm For Truth
Islam
Dr. Emir Caner – President of Truett-McConnell College and former Muslim
Dr. Caner provides some very helpful notes on Islam under the “Lecture Notes on Islam” tab.
Islam Notes
Basic Spiritual Needs that must be met by every religious/philosophical system:
1. Need for Truth
2. Need for a right way of living (Righteousness)
3. Need for fellowship or proper relationships
Big Question…
Q# Don’t all religions teach basically the same things?
Q# Aren’t all religions spread in the same way?
Importance of studying Islam
“Failing to understand the Islamic world is to misunderstand the 21st century”
– Dr. Daniel Ebert, quoting from Islam at the Crossroads, 15.
Muhammad and the Birth of Islam
Born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia in 570 C.E.
Reared as an orphan and raised in dire poverty
Q# What did he do after marriage?
lBegan to spend long periods of time in the mountains in deep contemplation
lIn his 40th year, Mohammad allegedly received messages from God through the angel Gabriel
Q# What did Gabriel reveal to Muhammad?
= The teachings found in the Qur’an
Q# Who was with Muhammad when Gabriel appeared and spoke?
= No one
Q# What did Muhammad do once receiving the message from Gabriel?
lBegan to spread the message
lWas forced to leave Mecca in 622 C.E.
lIslam means
lWent to Medina and made
lNever claimed to be able to work miracles
lWas never seen working a miracle
l*Importance of Miracles in ancient religion
l“An excellent example/noble pattern” for all Muslims – Qur’an 33:21
5 (or 6) Pillars of Islam
1. Shahada, tawhid = confession of God’s oneness
2. salat = Ritual/daily prayer
3. zakat 2.5% = mandatory charity tax
4. sawn = observance of Ramadan
5. hajj = pilgrimage to Mecca
6. jihad = struggle/holy war
Seven Principles (Beliefs) of Islam
1.Allah is the one God: Creator, Sustainer, and Sovereign Law-Giver
2. Holy Qur’an: Word of Allah
3. Messengers of Allah, with Muhammad, the last of the prophets
4. Allah’s angels and jinn (good and evil spirits)
5. Last Day, Resurrection and Judgment (paradise and hell)
6. Predestination of all that happens, good or bad (almost “fate”)
7. Jihad: [1]
Islamic Theology
-Unitarian theism – “shirk” (polytheism), is the one unpardonable sin
-Judgment Day – depends on whether one’s good surpasses one’s bad deeds
“Then those whose balance (of good deeds) is heavy, they will attain salvation: But those whose balance is light, will be those who have lost their souls, in Hell they will abide” – Qur’an 23:102-103
= Therefore, Islam teaches that one’s entrance to Paradise solely depends upon whether their good works outweigh their bad works.
-Claims to fulfill Christianity as Christianity claims to fulfill the Hebrew Scriptures. [2]
Islamic Theology: Allah’s Love
Repeatedly in the Qur’an, Allah is called “the Compassionate and Merciful.” Yet what does this phrase really mean? Imam Omar, an Islamic cleric originally from Sudan, who is now leading a mosque in South Carolina, provides the following point of clarification:
“…Allah loves the righteous Muslims but is NOT Compassionate or Merciful to the wicked. Allah does not love them.” -Imam Omar
Prophets recognized in Islam
Adam
Noah
Abraham
Moses
Solomon
David
Jesus
Muhammad *only prophet of Ishmael’s line
*Each prophet “replaces” previous revelation
Islamic Terms
Dar al-Islam = place where Islamic law is in effect “land of peace”
Dar al-harb = “the land of warfare” meaning the non-Islamic world
Jizya = tax paid by non-Muslims in Muslim lands
Sharia = Public & private life governed by Islamic law/the teachings of the Qur’an
Kaffir = unbeliever
*Muslim Spain: Jews & Christians marked. Spain was under Muslim domination from around 800 C.E. until 1492 C.E. During this period Christians and Jews were forced to wear labels:
-Jews forced to wear one patch of white material that displayed a drawing of a monkey (9th century).
-Forced to wear yellow badges via official decree of Caliph al-Mutawakkil (this practice would be later copied by Nazi Germany).
-Christians forced to wear a similar patch but with the image of a pig (eating pork is strictly forbidden in Islam).
(You may find additional information on the exclusion of kaffirs from society in Muslim lands at http://www.historyofjihad.org/spain.html).
Jizya: Non-Muslim citizens tax
“Islamic law made a distinction between two categories of non-Muslim subjects, pagans and dhimmis (protected peoples, or peoples of the book; i.e., those peoples who based their religious beliefs on sacred texts, such as Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians). The Muslim rulers tolerated the dhimmis and allowed them to practice their religion. In return for protection and as a mark of their submission, the dhimmis were required to pay a special poll tax known as the jizya.” [3]
Jizya: Tax on non-Muslims living in Muslim lands
Q# How much was/is it?
= 29% of annual income [4]
The Qur’an: Basic facts
Considered to be valid ONLY in Arabic
4/5ths the size of the New Testament
114 chapters called “suras” with verses called “ayats”
Arranged from longest to shortest sura (chapter)
Considered to be eternal
Q# Where do Muslims get their beliefs? = Sources for Islam: Qu’ran & Hadiths
Qur’an “to read” or “to recite.” Revealed to Muhammad over a period of 23 years via the angel Gabriel
The Hadiths “record the teachings, rulings, and actions of Muhammad as recounted by early associates.”
Other valid sources are the writings of:
-Moses
-David
-The words of Jesus as recorded in the Gospels of the New Testament
VERY IMPORTANT = Muslims consider Jesus to be a prophet but ONLY a prophet. This is an irreconcilable difference with Christianity holds that Jesus is the Son of God; the Messiah.
Jesus claimed in John 14:6 “I am the way and the life, no man comes to the Father but through me.” Herein lies the debate: How could Jesus, if he were only a prophet, make such an outlandish claim? Throughout the history of Israel, and later after the composition of the Qur’an, prophets were believed to be the mouthpieces of God but in no way a “bridge” to God. Furthermore, prophets are righteous men and righteous men are not liars. Therefore, if Jesus was lying about being the way to God then he is no longer a prophet but an imposter. On the other hand, if Jesus was speaking truthfully then he was far more than a prophet. Muslims explain this difficulty by saying that the revelation of each prophet was perfect in his own time. Christians would respond by saying that the exclusivist teachings of Jesus nowhere state or imply such a premise.
The Hadiths: Women (politically incorrect facts)
The woman who dies and with whom the husband is satisfied will go to paradise
A wife should never refuse herself to her husband even if it is on the saddle of a camel
If anything presages a bad omen it is: a house, a woman, a horse
Never will a people know success if they confide their affairs to a woman[5]
*These facts are not implying that Islamic teachings commands the institutionalized the abuse of women. However, historical facts must not be suppressed because of the sense of politically incorrect awkwardness they create for the 21st century Western reader.
Qu’ran: Muhammad & Jesus
Jesus
“Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God. Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called sons of God. Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness’ sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.” - Jesus[6]
Muhammad
“Allah assigns for a person who participates in (holy battles) in Allah’s Cause and nothing causes him to do so except belief in Allah and His Messengers, that he will be recompensed by Allah either with a reward, or booty (if he survives) or will be admitted to Paradise (if he is killed in the battle as a martyr.” - Muhammad[7]
Jesus
“All who live by the sword will perish by the sword.” – Jesus[8]
Muhammad
“Know that paradise is under the shades of swords.” – Muhammad[9]
Jesus
“You have heard that it was said, ‘You shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy.’ But I say to you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you.”
- Jesus[10]
Muhammad
“When ye meet the infidels, strike off their heads till ye have made a great slaughter among them, and of the rest make fast the fetters (chains)”
- Mohammad[11]
Jesus
“Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you.”
- Jesus[12]
Muhammad
“Against them make ready your strength to the utmost of your power, including steeds of war, to strike terror into the hearts of the enemies, of Allah and your enemies, and others besides, whom ye may not know, but whom Allah doth know.”[13]
“If God gives me victory over Quraysh (enemy tribe) in the future…I will mutilate thirty of their men…By God, if God gives us victory over them in the future we will mutilate them as no Arab has ever mutilated anyone.”
- Muhammad [14]
Jesus
“For God so loved the world that He gave His only Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have eternal life.”
- Jesus, John 3:16
Muhammad
“Allah hath purchased of the believers their persons and their goods; for theirs in return is the garden of Paradise: they fight in His cause, and slay and are slain: a promise binding on Him in truth…”
- Muhammad, Qur’an 9:111
Jesus
“And you will be hated by all for my name’s sake. But he who endures to the end will be saved.”
- Jesus, Mark 13:13
Muhammad
“There is for you an excellent example to follow in Abraham and those with him, when they said to their
people: ‘We are clear of you and of whatever ye worship besides Allah: we have rejected you, and
there has arisen, between us and you, enmity and hatred forever, unless ye believe in Allah and Him
alone” - Muhammad, Qur’an 60:4
The Qur’an: Paradise (Heaven)
“But for the God-fearing is a blissful abode, enclosed gardens and vineyards; and damsels with swelling breasts their peers in age.” – Qur’an 78:31
“Thus it shall be: and we will wed them to virgins with large dark eyes.” – Qur’an 44:48
“On the couches ranged in rows shall they recline, and to the damsels with large dark eyes will we wed them.” – Qur’an 52:20
“On the couches with linings of brocade shall they recline, and the fruit of the gardens shall be within easy reach…Therein shall be the damsels with retiring glances, whom no man nor jinn hath touched before them” – Qur’an 55:56
The Qu’ran: Verses of the Sword
9.5-6 “Kill those who join other gods with God wherever you may find them; and seize them, besiege them, and lay wait for them with every kind of ambush: but if they shall convert, and observe prayer, and pay the obligatory alms, then let them go their way, for God is Gracious, Merciful.”
4.76 “Those who believe fight in the cause of God.”
8.12 “I will instill terror into the hearts of the Infidels, strike off their heads then, and strike off from them every fingertip.”
4:76 “Let those then fight on the path of God, who barter this present life for that which is to come; for whoever fights on God’s path, whether he be slain or conquer, we will in the end give him a great reward.”
4:78 “They who believe, fight on the path of God; and they who believe not, fight on the path of Thagout: Fight therefore against the friends of Satan.”
9:123 “Believers! Wage war against such of the infidels as are your neighbors, and let them find you rigorous: and know that God is with those who fear Him.”
Islam: Slavery
“Slaves were brought across and settled in the desert regions of northern Africa for almost twelve centuries, beginning with the Islamic conquests of the eighth century and ending only in the early twentieth century.”[15]
*“As for Islam, there is a uniquely insuperable barrier to theological
condemnations of slavery: Muhammad bought, sold, captured, and owned slaves.”[16]
Sura 33:50 - “O Prophet! We have made lawful to thee thy wives to whom thou hast paid their dowers; and those (slaves) whom thy right hand possesses out of the prisoners of war whom Allah has assigned to thee” This particular command given by Muhammad allows himself virtually unlimited sex. Others are limited to four wives, but may also have sex with an unlimited number of slaves, as the following verse make clear:
Sura 23:5-6 “…who abstain from sex, except with those joined to them in the marriage bond, or (the captives) whom their right hands possess…” (See also Sura 70:29-30)
Sura 4:24 - “And all married women (are forbidden unto you) save those (captives) whom your right hands possess.” =
Sura 24:32 - “And marry those among you who are single and those who are fit among your male slaves and your female slaves…” = breeding slaves based on physical fitness.
Sura 2:178 - “O ye who believe! Retaliation is prescribed for you in the matter of the murdered; the freeman for the freeman, and the slave for the slave, and the female for the female.”
*For Islam, Truth requires conversion whereas Truth in most other religious systems is seen as persuasive in its own right.
Al-Ghazali: Women
Professor Montgomery Watt labels Al-Ghazali as “the greatest Muslim after Mohammad.”
“Ghazali is regarded as the greatest and most influential theologian in the Islamic world.”[17]
“She should stay at home and get on with her spinning, she should not go out often, she must not be well-informed, nor must she be communicative with her neighbors and only visit them when absolutely necessary; she should take care of her husband and respect him in his presence and his absence and seek to satisfy him in everything…she must not leave her house without his permission…”[18]
Al-Ghazali: Philosophy
Incoherence of the Philosophers (1058-1128)
“Do you then say conclusively that they are infidels and that the killing of those who uphold their beliefs is obligatory?…Pronouncing them infidels is necessary in three questions”: their teachings that the world existed eternally, that Allah does not know particular things, but only universals, and that there is no resurrection of the body.”[19]
Q# From where does this attitude stem?
The Qur’an is perfect and that ALL truth is contained therein. Thus, searching for “truth” in other areas unrelated to Allah’s clear revelation in the Qur’an, especially the works of infidels, was viewed as, at the very least, an exercise in futility.
Allah & Reason/Science
*Absolute Sovereignty – Allah’s sovereignty is bound by absolutely nothing. The only factor of importance in regard to Allah’s sovereignty is his own will that is largely inscrutable. Thus, ANY constraint upon Allah’s ability or will is considered invalid.
Difference between Islam & Christianity: Reason/Science
*The following quote differentiates the Christian, and for the most part, Jewish, understanding of the sovereignty of God in relation to reason, logic and science.
“Since the principles of certain sciences – of logic, geometry, and arithmetic, for instance are derived exclusively from the formal principals of things, upon which their essence depends, it follows that God cannot make the contraries of these principles; He cannot make the genus not to be predictable of the species, nor lines drawn from a circle’s center to its circumference not to be equal, nor the three angles of a rectilinear triangle not to be equal to two right angles.”
- Saint Thomas Aquinas[20]
Christianity: Things that God cannot do
“It is impossible for God to lie, we who have taken refuge would have strong encouragement to take hold of the hope set before us.”
- Hebrews 9:18
Q# What produced anti-intellectualism in the early Islamic world?
If the Qur’an is a perfect book and is the ONLY source necessary for life then other sources of “truth” are unnecessary. Moreover, works of philosophy and science, especially those of infidels (non-Muslims), declined lower and lower in terms of importance to the Islamic world.
*NOTE: The quote above is not implying that the modern Islamic world is entirely anti-intellectual. It merely serves to explain why, over time, “scientific” scholasticism slowly lost support.
Early Islamic Missionary Activity
Mohammad converted about half of Medina
Took the message via sword to Mecca
Took the message via sword to much of the Middle East
Jihad: ‘Christian Europe’
Laid siege to Constantinople in 668 and 717 C.E.
Muslim invasion of Western Europe stopped by Charles “The Hammer” Martel, at Tours, France in 732 C.E.
Spain dominated by Islam for around 800 years ending in 1492 C.E.
Jihad: Eastern Front
Conquered “The Punjab, Sindh, Delhi, and the Doab up to Kanauj,” by 1206 C.E.
Unprecedented slaughter of Hindus because of their pagan status (not entitled to the same respect/rights as “People of the Book).[21]
Q# What exactly is jihad intended to spread?
“Islam” (Submission) is NOT spread by force and forced conversion is prohibited.
However, Sharia (Islamic Law), is facilitated by an Islamic society. Dhimmis are allowed to live within an Islamic system but without the same rights and privileges as Muslims.
Imam Interview: Sharia
1. What country best represents sharia?
= Saudi Arabia (which is only about 70% in conformity with Sharia).
2. How does sharia fit with the U.S. Constitution?
= The Constitution must be replaced.
3. What would replace the Constitution?
= The Qur’an
Imam Interview: Sharia
Q# What must the Constitution be replaced with? =
Implications
1. No voting on Qu’ranic issues = Sharia instead of Constitution
*No pork
*No alcohol
*No interest
*No lying, cheating in business
*No gambling
*No speaking against/questioning Islam
*Mandatory zakat
•“No-handed” robbery: chop hand off
•Fornication: 100 lashes
•Adultery: stoning
•Drinking: different lashes
•Muslim conversion: capital punishment
“This is not acceptable” – Imam Omar
How is Sharia imposed? = through jihad
Jihad “Struggle”
Q# Against what/whom?
1. Against one’s lower nature/bad desires
2. Enemies of Allah
3. Defend against enemies of Islam
4. Spread the message of Islam (sharia)
Q. Why #4 = Establish Islamic society
Q. What would change in US if sharia were imposed?
“…no voting on issues clearly spoken of in Qu’ran & Hadiths.” *Imam Omar
Mujaheed – one engaged in jihad
Mujahideen – those engaged in jihad
Muhammad’s ability to inspire
“The Angel Gabriel came and said to me, ‘Whoever amongst your followers dies, worshipping none along with Allah, will enter Paradise.’ I said, ‘Even if he did such-and-such things (.i.e., even if he stole or committed illegal sexual intercourse)?’ He said, ‘Yes.’”[22]
Win/Win situation?
Warrior keeps 80% of spoils
20% goes to Muhammad & Allah
Paradise is the prize for those who fall in battle
= Dedicated jihad fighters
The Crusades: Who Started it? Islam or the West?
*NOTE: The majority opinion among scholars is that the Crusaders acted as Western imperialists and invaders. However, there is a growing movement among scholars that views the Crusades as reprisals against Muslim jihad against “Christian” lands.
Amin Malouf, The Crusades through Arab Eyes: The sack of Jerusalem in 1099, was “the starting point of a millennial hostility between Islam and the West.”
Fregosi, Jihad in the West:
“the Jihad is more than four hundred years older than the Crusades.” Comparing the Muslim occupation of Christian lands in Europe, the latter was much briefer and less culturally pervasive. Yet strangely, it is the Muslims…who are the most bitter about colonialism and the humiliations to which they have been subjected; and it is the Europeans who harbor the same and the guilt. It should be the other way around.”[23]
Who was worse?
Catholic Crusaders or Islamic jihadists?
Six reasons behind the Crusades
1. Divisions within Islam caused a weakening of their power
2. Success against the Moors in Spain – The Moors were pushed off the Iberian Peninsula.
3. Turkish Muslims had halted pilgrimages to the Holy Land
4. Eastern Emperors appealed to the West to help them with the advancing Muslim invaders.
5. The growth in monasticism calls for a higher level of piety
6. Increased interest in relics in the Roman Catholic Church – One way to increase tourism is to claim to have unique relics.
*NOTE: The popes promised all those who died in a Crusade a “Get Out of Purgatory Free Card” that guaranteed them an automatic place in heaven. Interestingly, this is very similar to what was promised to Muslims who died in jihad. Facts such as these led to a groundbreaking book titled, Christian Jihad by Ergun and Emir Caner. These two scholars of Turkish descent brilliantly trace the similarity of ideologies between the medieval Crusaders and Muslim jihad fighters.
Islamic Imperialism?
-Jihad predates the Crusades by at least 400 years
-Muslim Empire: Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire
-Janissaries “Blood Tax” of male children from Christian families in Eastern Europe since the days of the 2nd sultan.[24]
-Ruled Palestine, parts of eastern Europe and Asia minor for about 1000 years
Who Started it? Islam or the West?
-Fall of Constantinople, May, 1453 (Modern day Istanbul, Turkey)
-90,000 Turks vs. less than 10,000 Byzantines
-Fleeing scholars landed in Western Europe, primarily Italy. This flood of fleeing scholars sparked what later became known as “The Renaissance.”
Ottoman Empire: Power Grabs
-Tried to take Vienna 3x, in 1529, 1543, and 1566.
-The Muslim advance in Europe finally stopped at Vienna
-The date was September 12, 1683
Ottoman Empire: Siege of Vienna
-September 14, 1529 – Oct.14, 1529
-16,000 Austrian troops vs. 250,000 Turkish Muslims
Ottoman Empire: Defeat at the Gates of Vienna, Austria
“Vienna was saved from the final Ottoman attack in 1683 not by any western European power, many of which by this time did have significant military strength, but by the Polish commander Jan Sobieski. Eastern Europeans kept western Europeans from Islamic rule, just as they stood before Eastern nomadic invasions of the Mongols in the thirteenth century.”[25]
*NOTE: This is an incredible point that evades many historians. Observers have noted the drastic increase of Western European cultural advancement in contrast to the largely backward civilization (in comparison to the West), of Eastern Europe. Could it be that Western Europe developed at a faster rate because it was kept safe by the sea on the West and Eastern Europeans on the flanks?
Ottoman Empire
Fell after WWI
Lawrence of Arabia
Turk on Arab brutality = Sunni on Shiite brutality was so severe that the Arabs aligned with the British to overthrow Turkish rule.
*NOTE: I included this section on the Ottoman Empire because it is central to understanding Islamic history in relation to European history.
Questions for Islam
1. Is Islam a religion of peace?
“Islam is peace…” The 9/11 attacks, “violate the fundamental tenets of the Muslim faith” – George W. Bush
*The 9/11 attacks “has nothing to do with Islam” - Tony Blair
Questions for Islam
“Many believe there is an inevitable clash between Western civilization and Western values, and Islamic civilizations and values. I believe this view is terribly wrong. False prophets may use and abuse any religion to justify whatever political objectives they have–even cold-blooded murder. Some may have the world believe that almighty God himself, the merciful grants a license to kill. But that is not our understanding of Islam…Americans respect and honor Islam” - Bill Clinton
* Notice that former President Clinton bases his claim upon “our understanding of Islam.” “Our” simply means the Western understanding. Based upon the statements of Islamic leaders, “our” understanding of Islam is drastically different than that of its own adherents. Thus, it would be a fatal error to so fundamentally misunderstand such a vital issue facing the West in the 21st century.
Questions for Islam
9/11 Attacks: If against the “fundamental tenets” of Islam then there would be virtual agreement among the “learned” Islamic scholars.
Fact: The learned Islamic scholars are split on the issue
Explaining Terrorism
Sheikh Omar bin Bakri bin Muhammad, the judge of Great Britain’s Sharia, the 9/11 attacks were:
“a crime and violation for the sanctity of Human beings which is prohibited in Islam.” Muslims can legitimately attack attack American troops, Sheikh Omar explained, because the United States is “engaging in aggression and atrocities” against Muslims in Iraq, Palestine, Afghanistan and Sudan-and because of American support for ‘the Pirate State of Israel and the dictator Leaders in the Muslim world.’”
Another segment of Muslim clerics seem to hold to the position as stated by one Saudi sheikh:
“This was jihad and those people were not innocent people [World Trade Center and Pentagon victims]. He swore to Allah.
2. Is Islam and democracy compatible?
What is a “nominal” or “radical” Muslim?
3. Why is religious freedom commonly restricted in Muslim countries whereas Muslims are allowed the freedom of religion in Western countries?
[1] See Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam by Rudolph Peters, 1996.
[2] David A. Noebel, Understanding the Times: The Collision of Today’s Competing Worldviews (Manitou Springs: Summit Press, 2006), 56.
[3] http://www.Britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/304125/jizya
[4] Anis A. Shorrosh, Islam: A Threat or Challenge? From Ancient Mecca to Modern Baghdad (Fairhope: Nall Printing, 2004), 53).
[5] (Ibn Warraq, Islamist Misogyny Has its Roots in Islam, from “Islam’s Shame: Lfting the Veil of Tears,” by Ibn Warraq, Free Inquiry, Fall 1997. Copyright 1997 by Free Inquiry Magazine. In Islamic Fundamentalism Auriana Ojeda, Editor, (San Diego: Thompson/Gale, 2003), 27.
[6] Matthew 5:8-10, The New Testament.
[7] Burkhari, vol. 1, book 2, no. 36.
[8] Luke 26:52, The New Testament.
[9] Bukhari, vol. 4, book 56, no. 2818.
[10] Matthew 5:43-44, The New Testament.
[11] Sura 47:3-4, The Qur’an.
[12] Matthew 5:44, The New Testament.
[13] Sura 8:60, The Qur’an.
[14] Sahih Muslim, translated by Abdul Hamid Siddiqi, Kitab Bhavan, revised edition, 2000, vol. 3, book 17, no. 4436.
[15] Seymour Drescher and Stanley L. Engerman, editors, A Historical Guide to World Slavery (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 367.
[16] Rodney Stark, The Victory of Reason (New York: Random House, 2006), 31. Quoted in, What Went Wrong? By Bernard Lewis, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.
[17] Iftekhar Mahmood, Islam: Beyond Terrorists and Terrorism, Biographies of the Most Influential Muslims in History (New York: University Press, 2002), 99.
[18] Islamist Misogyny Has its Roots in Islam, 27-28.
[19] Al-Ghazali, Incoherence of the Philosophers, 226.
[20] Summa Contra Gentiles, Book Two: Creation, Chapter 25, section 14. Translated by James F. Anderson (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press), 1975.
[21] Sita Ram Goel, The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India (Voice of India, revised edition, 1994), 70-71.
[22] (Bukhari 3:337; 41.3.573).
[23] Fregosi, Jihad in the West, 25.
[24] Ala ed-Din (Paul K. Davis, 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 187.)
[25] Paul K. Davis, 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 169.
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